ALL OTHER EPISODES AND SHOW NOTES AVAILABLE VIA THE TAB ON THE HOMEPAGE

The Two Veterans on APWH podcast costs a decent amount to run and takes a lot of time, energy, and effort.  You can use your amazon or credit card or google pay or paypal account to "buy us a cup of coffee" from that section of the website menu above.

Additionally there is a Patreon version of this episode available with exclusive content. Join our Patreon by clicking on the "P" image in the footer, or click here: https://patreon.com/TwoVeteransonAPWH

00:00 Intro

02:50 Introduction of Professor Seth Mesiel

• Center for Latin American & Caribbean Studies at University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

06:43 Professor Seth’s Journey into Latin American History

PATREON ONLY Version of podcast - Voting Requirements in early independent Argentina with a comparison to the USA, Haiti, and France 

10:34 Professor Seth introduction to APWH and his work as reader/grader with the exam

14:00 Difficulty of understanding Maya, Aztec, and Inca due to writing systems.

15:20 Grouping the study of Maya, Aztec, and Inca with the Spanish Conquest as a thematic unit to improve efficiency

15:52 The Maya - Pre-Conquest

• Religions, Gods, lack of Political unity, 
• The Maya ruins of Tikal, Guatemala
• The Mayan Pantheon: The Many Gods of the Maya by Joshua J. Mark from The World History Encyclopedia

21:40 Archeology and going to ruins - Tombs, Temples, and Palaces

• Breaking the Maya Code 2008 Documentary

25:49 The Inca Empire - Pre-Conquest

• Vertical Archipelago, Ayllu, the Mita, and Incan Socialism
• Interactive notes on the Inca Empire  and Spanish Conquest
  • A great two for one deal, as the teacher can choose to use the 7 page "interactive notes" to save time or the powerpoint on the Inca. No matter what students read about “Inca Socialism,” they traditionally have a hard time understanding it.  This lesson makes the students reiterate the idea of the Ayllu and the Incan community working together through multiple examples.
• Machu Picchu
• The Coca Leaf and Coca Tea
• Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
• The Inca People of the Sun by Carmen Bernand

39:40 1450-1750 CE - Latin America 

• The Columbian Exchange - Definition - “The Columbian exchange is a term coined by Alfred Crosby Jr. in 1972 that is traditionally defined as the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and Africa and the New World of the Americas. The exchange began in the aftermath of Christopher Columbus' voyages in 1492, later accelerating with the European colonization of the Americas.” - from the World History Encyclopedia 
• Columbian Exchange Food Project (Free Worksheets) from Becca of the clever teacher

42:23 The conquest of the Aztec Empire - Politically, Culturally, Interaction between Humans and the Environment

• Human Sacrifice, Huitzilopochtli and Flower Wars (Xochiyaoyotl) and Tlaxcala
  • Aztec Gods
  • Chichen Itza
  • Monte Alban 
  • Teotihuacan Pyramids

53:26 The Sacrifice of 20,000 people over 4 days to commemorate the new version of the Temple of the Sun Pyramid in 1489 in Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City (DF).

• Mexico City (DF) Links Below
  • Templo Mayor Museum - The Temple of the Sun
  • Palacio Nacional
  • Hotel Isabel in Mexico DF
  • Turibus Hop On Hop Off Mexico City Tour
  • Teotihuacan Pyramids
  • National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico DF
  • Floating Gardens of Xochimilco (Chinampas)

54:52 Chinampas

• Floating Gardens of Xochimilco (Chinampas)

55:48 The Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs

• Episode #2 Former APWH student, current Anthropology PHD Professor interview -Former APWH student Jonathan is interviewed about how APWH helped contribute to him getting his PHD in anthropology, and his path to get there.  Points of discussion include Document Based Questions (DBQ), primary source analysis, pedagogy, traveling/backpacking, youth hostels, research of pyramids and codexes of Meso-America, Iconography, Hernan Cortes, and Museums. Additionally there is a Patreon version of this episode available with exclusive content.
• Camilla Townsend, "Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico," The American Historical Review, Volume 108, Issue 3, June 2003, Pages 659–687.

01:03:45 The politicking of the Spaniards, their allies, the lack of unity, La Malinche, Jeronimo de Aguilar

• Pratt, Mary Louise. “‘Yo Soy La Malinche’: Chicana Writers and the Poetics of Ethnonationalism.” Callaloo, vol. 16, no. 4, 1993, pp. 859–73. JSTOR.
  • The poem, La Malinche by Carmen Tafolla, is a pretty easy read that illustrates Mary Louise Pratt’s idea (with a mixture of Spanglish).
• Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico by Camilla Townsend
• National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico DF
• Floating Gardens of Xochimilco (Chinampas)
• Black in Latin America Brazil Episode (can be found on youtube)
  • Book by Henry Louis Gates

01:12:29 Tony’s Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs Simulation & Historiography via an SAQ - over 20 years in the making

• Steel and Spanish Conquest - John F. Guilmartin, Jr., “The Cutting Edge: An Analysis of the Spanish Invasion and Overthrow of the Inca Empire,” in Kenneth J Andrien and Rolena Adorno, eds. Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, 40-69.

01:17:13  The Spanish Conquest of the Inca

• Human sacrifice Aztec vs. Inca
• Does Francisco Pizarro pretend to be a God?
• Battle of Cajamarca as described in Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
  • Jared Diamond does claim that the conquistadors pretend to be Gods.  However, his book was published in 1999, four years before Camilla Townsend’s article.  We can not comment if they have updated more recent versions of the book. 

01:21:19 The Encomienda and Hacienda Systems

• Differences of the two systems and the transition to mining
• Encomienda System Picture Below

• Santa Fe de Antioquia founded in 1541 by one of Francisco Pizarros’s original conquistadores named Marsical Jorge Robledo.

01:31:49 The primary source SAQ on the “requerimiento” available ap classroom

• Spain’s conversion of natives to Roman Catholicism and how Protestantism in Europe affected it.
• The Mission (1986 - movie) - Jesuits in Paraguay in about 1750
• Black Robe (1991 - movie) - Jesuits in Canada

01:36:39 Reflections on visiting the former silver mountain and mines of Potosi, Bolivia

•  Cerro Rico Mines of Potosi

01:40:39 Mining and African Slavery

01:43:46 Sugar Cane Plantations 

• The horrible treatment of slaves on sugar cane plantations vs. slavery of mining economies
• The Atlantic Slave Trade Video in Two Minutes from Slate magazine based upon Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database.
• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database - also known as www.slavevoyages.org/
• The DBQ Project
  • Slavery and Sugar
  • Aztecs

01:52:17 The Casta System

• Wonderful Paintings and descriptions can be found about the casta system in the article listed below:
  • Earle, Rebecca. "The Pleasures of Taxonomy: Casta Paintings, Classification, and Colonialism." The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 3, July 2016, pp. 427-466.
• Black in Latin America Brazil Episode (can be found on youtube)
  • Book by Henry Louis Gates

Three Resources to provide more details on

• The Inca People of the Sun by Carmen Bernand
• The Mission (1986 - movie)
• Wonderful Paintings and descriptions can be found about the casta system in the article listed below:
  • Earle, Rebecca. "The Pleasures of Taxonomy: Casta Paintings, Classification, and Colonialism." The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 3, July 2016, pp. 427-466.

01:58:09 Outro and End

• PATREON ONLY Version of podcast - How history affects Tony’s Life in Latin America
  • A little preview of 1750-1900 via One Hundred Years of Solitude novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
• One Hundred Years of Solitude 2024 Netflix Series